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Artigos t2f4d

O aniversário de uma guerra que não quer esfriar 5p602n

Artigo escrito por Edvaldo Silva, Mestre em Artes e Multimeios pela Unicamp, e autor do romance de suspense “Além da Fumaça”

Publicado há

em

Tivemos os fortes ecos do fim da Guerra Fria. O presidente russo, Vladimir Putin, por exemplo, anunciou em 21 de fevereiro de 2023, num discurso sobre um ano da guerra na Ucrânia, a suspensão da participação do seu país no tratado Novo Start, o acordo global de controle de mísseis nucleares vigente. O cenário atual de conflito entre Rússia e Ucrânia coloca novamente o mundo em alerta. Parece que estamos voltando ao tempo de antes da queda do Muro de Berlim, e que esta divisão global agora se instalou na fronteira da Rússia com o mundo Ocidental.

Esses acontecimentos têm repercussões inclusive no Brasil, assim como a Guerra Fria teve influência por aqui desde seu nascimento, em 12 de março de 1947. Neste aniversário de 76 anos, é importante revisitar uma época cruel e aterrorizante não apenas para a Europa, mas para todo o mundo.

O período após o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial foi caracterizado por uma corrida armamentista, agressiva e cara entre Estados Unidos (EUA) e União Soviética (URSS). O então presidente dos EUA, Harry S. Truman, proferiu diante do Congresso Nacional um forte discurso. Afirmou ele que os países capitalistas deveriam se defender da ameaça socialista. Para Truman, os estadunidenses tinham a obrigação de liderar a luta contra o avanço do comunismo no continente europeu e no mundo.

A chamada Guerra Fria, que de fria nada tinha, culminou na separação do mundo em dois grandes blocos: o comunista (liderado pela União Soviética) e o capitalista (liderado pelos Estados Unidos). Uma das consequências mais marcantes desse período foi a construção do Muro de Berlim, em 1961, uma cooperação entre Alemanha Oriental e União Soviética para impedir a fuga de sua população para o lado Ocidental.

Após 40 anos do famoso discurso de Truman, em meados da década de 1980, a vida atrás da Cortina de Ferro havia mudado. Revoltas democráticas se infiltraram nas nações do bloco soviético, e a própria URSS lutava contra o caos econômico e político. A queda do Muro de Berlim, em 9 de novembro de 1989, durante a Revolução Pacífica, marcou uma série de eventos que precipitaram a queda do comunismo na Europa Central e Oriental, precedida pelo Movimento Solidariedade na Polônia.

Em 1991, a União Soviética havia perdido a maior parte de seu bloco para revoluções democráticas e o Pacto de Varsóvia foi formalmente dissolvido. Mikhail Gorbachev, o último líder da URSS, abriu o país para o Ocidente e instituiu reformas econômicas que enfraqueceram as instituições que dependiam de bens nacionalizados. Em dezembro de 1991, a URSS foi dissolvida em nações separadas.

A Guerra Fria continua a afetar a geopolítica dos nossos tempos. Estados Unidos e Rússia, bem como a China e a Europa, ainda têm interesses divergentes, grandes orçamentos de defesa e bases militares internacionais. A Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte (Otan) ainda exerce grande poder político. Cresceu para incluir 30 estados-membros e agora se estende até as fronteiras com o maior país do mundo.

Desde a década de 1990, a Rússia vê a expansão da Otan para o leste como uma grave ameaça à sua segurança. Alguns especialistas compararam a crise atual com o início de uma nova Guerra Fria, ou mesmo a extensão daquela que nunca esfriou. Por isso, vale a pena revisitarmos essa época fundamental da nossa história para compreender como chegamos à situação atual.

Edvaldo Silva é Mestre em Artes e Multimeios pela Unicamp,
e autor do romance de suspense “Além da Fumaça”.

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